Edition 3. Number of Pages Publisher Elsevier. ISBN Pipe Drafting and Design, Third Edition provides step-by-step instructions to walk pipe designers, drafters, and students through the creation of piping arrangement and isometric drawings.
Each flange is individually bolted. Primarily designed for insertion between pipe flanges. Single beCJt--flow through single seating ring. Double beat-flow through two seating rings. Direct spring-loaded 2. Lever and spring-loaded 4. Leverand weight-loaded. Also designated by: 1. High-lift reliel valve. Pilot-operated relieO valve. Self-contained 2. Spring-loaded 3. Weight-loaded 4. Pressure-loaded 5. Externally-piped 6. Tight-closing 7. Non-tight-closi ng 8. Single-orifice LP 2.
Single-orifice HP 3. Single-orifice with integral isolating va lve 4. Double-orifice with integral isolating valve. Valves are classified and described by specific type in Section 2, which also include a number of individual designs best categorised as miscellaneous.
Some other valve types are given in Table 2. Descriptions of various valve types may also differ and Table 3 lists some other descriptions, standard terminology in this case being based on that adopted for Table 1. This is by no means complete, but is offered as a general guide. For controlling rate of flow in a system. For controlling fluid temperature level in a system. For controlling rate of flow relative to value of a command system.
An automatic type of air valve for the prevention of the formation of vacuum or the release of vacuum in large bore pipelines. A valve which is used for cleaning sludge and other foreign matter from a boiler. A gate valve. A valve in which a ball, free to rotate in any direction. A fire prevention valve which has a weighted lever held open by a wire and fusibl e link which melts at an increase in room temperature.
A control valve for either water, oil. A valve incorporating an element by virtue of which the energy within the emitting jet: is dissipated. A single-faced type of valve consisting of an open lrame and door. A gate valve incorporating a sluicing effect.
A valve for controlling the flow of water through a radiator. A valve in which rotation of internal parts regulates flovv by opening or closing a series of segmental ports. A spherical-plug valve in which the plug, which rotates through 90, is provided with a circular waterway to match the body and ports. A valve operated by an electrical solenoid. A type of parallel slide valve in which the 'spectacle gate' has one 'lens' of circular waterway and the other of solid section.
A valve which combines temperature selection and flow control in the same body. A non-tight-closing butterfly valve with a centrally-hinged! Classification of valves by function yields the following general list where any individual type of valve may be capable of performing one or more of these functions. Excluded from this list are specific functions or specialised services for which special designs of valves are normally employed. On-off service. Back-pressure valve Block and bleed valve Clack valve Conduit valve Controllable check valve Controllable non-return valve Dash pot valve Excess-flow valve Excess- or minimum-pressure valve Flap valve Follower-ring valve FuJI way valve Governor valve Non-return self-closing valve Parallel-gate valve Proportional-flow valve Reflux valve Retention valve Screw-down non-return and flood valve Wheel valve Y-type valve.
Check valve Gate valve Check valve Gate valve with full-bore aperture Screw-down stop and check valve Screw-down stop and check valve Check valve piston-check disc-type Flow-regulating valve Flow-regulating valve Check valve swing-type Gate valve Gate valve Pressure-control valve Check valve Safety valve direct spring-loaded Flow-regulating valve Check valve Check valve Screw-down stop and check valve Screw-down stop valve Oblique valve.
Valves classified by duty or the service they are intended to perform are described in Section 3. Necessarily these embrace types already described under specific types and the relevant chapters can be studied together where appropriate. A further source of reference and information in this respect is the chapter on Valve Selection Guides. Industrial valves operate under many different situations and temperatures which range from the cryogenic to high-temperature applications and with different materials including grit, sludge, corrosive chemicals, gases and liquids.
In general, valve technology is mature. Actuators which control the movement of a valve can be manual or automatic and are a major ancillary item for valves. Valves can be purchased as standard products commodity valves or as engineered units, purpose-built for a specific application. The emphasis today is on providing solutions to problems and automation wherever possible.
High-performance butterfly valve with sectioned spring-diaphragm actuator for modulaLi11g control. Processes are required to be more economical and run uninterrupted for longer periods. The intervals between production shut-downs for plant maintenance are growing longer and environmental protection legislation is becoming more stringent. Intelligent valves, based on digital control technology and incorporating control functions and communication interfaces are already making an impact and computer integrated processing CIP is a reality.
The most striking changes in valve technology appear to be in the field of materials of constructions with new metals, ceramics and composites being explored. Valve connections. Valves are normally designed to take either threaded pipe ends, or with flanges for flanged connection. Threaded connections are simpler and cheaper to produce and more easily installed. However, it can prove difficult to remove valves so mounted without dismantling a considerable portion of the piping unless a number of extra fittings.
Flanged ends make a stronger. Where heavy viscous media are to be controlled, as in refineries. The initial cost is higher, not only because of the extra metal but because the flanges must be carefully and accurately machined. Also the installation cost is greater because companion flanges, to which the valve-end flanges are bolted, as well as gaskets, bolts and nuts must be provided.
All flat faces are commonly termed plain faces. Bronze and iron flat faces can have a machined finish. Cast iron raised faces may be smooth finished or have a serrated finish preferably with no fewer than 16 serrations per inch which may be spiral or concentric.
Steel flat faces and raised faces should have a serrated finish of approximately 32 serrations per inch. The serrations may be either spiral or concentric. Steel male and female and tongue-and-grooved faces should have a smooth finish. Steel ring-joint faces should have smooth finished grooves. If spiralwound gaskets are used on flange faces, the flanges should have a smooth finish.
Examples of flanged ends are shown in Figure l. Socket or butt-welded ends are used on all-welded pipeline systems. For specific services valves are also to permit connection to pipes by soldering or brazing. In the latter case the valve may be supplied with integral preformed brazing-material inserts. Basic Valve Nomenclature Most valves consist of a body containing a flow control element discs, plug, gate, etc.
There are exceptions: e. The stem, together with any stem seals. The top of the stem is fitted with a hand wheel or lever for rotation of the stem although some stems may have a sliding operation for quick action.
With threaded stems giving a screw-down, screw-up motion the threaded portion may be fully enclosed by the bonnet, known as inside screw; or exposed beyond the bonnet, known as outside screw.
The former obviously provides maximum protection for the screw thread. Outside screws have the advantage of being easier to lubricate. With rising-stem valves the handwheel and stem move together, giving a visual indication of the degree of valve opening. With a non-rising stem the handwheel does not rise or fall with the turning movement. The advantage of this type is that it can be installed in situations providing only minimum headroom above the hand wheel.
Various types of bonnet may be used, e. Screw-in or screw-on bonnets are the simplest and cheapest, but largely limited to smaller valves used on low-pressure services. Union bonnets generally provide tighter sealing and are particularly suitable for valves which are dismantled frequently for servicing. Plain flat flange and male- and female-flanged bonnets are generally preferred for high-temperature or high-pressure valves, and also larger sizes of valves.
Valve trim. Trim is the term used to describe the parts of a valve which are replaceable, i. The following parts are considered as trim: Gate valves-stem, seat ring, wedge. Globe and angle valves-stem, seat ring, disc. Disc valve-disc, disc nut, back-seat bushing. Swing-check valves-disc, disc holder, disc nut, side plug.
Lift-check valves-disc, disc guide. Standard abbreviations. The following abbreviations are used to describe or designate valve parts. Nomenclature covering the individual parts of various different types of valves is included in Section 2. The main parameters concerned in selecting a valve or valves for a typical general service are: Fluid to be handled-this will affect both type of valve and material choice for valve construction.
In the case of specific services, choice of valve type may be somewhat simplified, e. On a broad basis, Table 1 summarises the applications of the main types of general purpose valves.
It has only limited use as a selection guide, i. Table 2 carries general selection a stage further in listing valve types normally used for specific services. Table 3 is a particularly useful expansion of the same theme relating the suitability of different valve types to specific functional requirements.
Normally, for general services and for many specific services , several valve types may appear as possible choices. These may then need evaluating individually, and comparing on the basis of the flow characteristics they offer.
Even more important, calculations may be necessary to establish a suitable size of valve to meet a specific performance requirement, e. Shut-otT or regulation ofllow of liquids! Limited application for steam services. Regulation of flow. Air motor a OtTers unrestricted bore at full opening. Electric motor Industries. Wide range of applications for all sizes. Mechanical Particular! Provides guaranteed control over maximum and minimum turbine speeds and power in ilSsociation.
Butterfly valves Check valves Diaphragm valves Lubricated plug valves Screw-down stop valves. Butterfly valves Screw-down stop valves Gate valves Lubricated plug valves Diaphragm valves Pinch valves.
Butterfly valves Pinch valves Gate valves Screw-down stop valves Lubricated plug valves. Pressure-control valves Pressure-relief valves Pressure-reducing valves Safety valves Relief valves. Check valves Pressure-control valves Pre-superheated valves Safety and relief valves.
The valve coefficient is a convenient method of relating flow rates to pressure drop through valves and, in fact. This coefiicient can only be determined empirically for a specific type of valve as it will be influenced by detail design and construction.
It will also vary with the physical size of the valve and the degree of opening in the valve. Some confusion can arise from the fact that the coefficient quoted for a valve can have three different values depending on the basic units on which it was computed. Where the flow characteristics through the valve are of significance, the following notes can be useful.
Plug valves Figure 1 offer a straightway passage through the ports with a minimum of turbulence. Flow can be in either direction and a quarter-turn will fully open or fully close the valve. Similar comment applies to ball valves. Gate valves Figure 2 present a substantially straightway flow through the ports in the full-open position since the wedge or 'gate' is lifted clear of the flow passage.
Turbulence and pressure drop are low. Again flow can be in either direction. Globe valves Figure 3 are normally installed so that pressure is under the disc, assisting operation and eliminating a certain amount of erosive action. Turbulence and pressure drop are higher than with straightway valves. Angle valves Figure 4 have similar characteristics to globe valves, with flow directed through Again flow is normally directed under the disc.
Reverse flow may be used in the case of high-temperature steam. Ball, globe and angle valves are suitable for throttling. The Kv table for angle-seat valves gives a Kv factor of 3 2 7 for size 1 in, for size 1 1 I 4 in and 72 5 for size 1 1 h in. In this example the correct size to use is 1 1 I 4 in See also Table 5. Example 2 Figures 9 and If a valve has to be fitted and the minimum acceptable flow rate in the pipeline is llmin, which type of valve should be used?
Table 4. The Kv factor for the valve Kvv can now be established by subtracting the Kv factor for the pipeline Kvp from the kv factor for the total system Kvt. For this purpose, the formula for calculating the flow factors in series should be used, which is: 1 1 1 1 - The calculation shows that the valve used must be one with a minimum Kv factor of From the Kv tables it can be seen that a 1 1 I 4 in ball valve has a Kv too factor of and a 1 1 I 4 in diaphragm valve has a Kv factor of 3 Therefore only the 1 1 I 4 in ball valve can be used.
Pipes and Pipelines-Definitions and Explanations According to the Oxford Dictionary, a pipe is a tube whereas a tube is a long, hollow cylinder. Neither is of any help in establishing true definitions, for there are recognised differences between pipes and tubes-but not those the dictionary gives. The more obvious distinction is that 'a pipe is a big tube, and a tube is a small pipe'-which is not far from the truth in application.
But we are also concerned with differences in usage of terms in different industries-and in different countries. Nobody could logically visualise producing very small sizes of pipes-e. It is much quicker and cheaper to produce them by extrusion. Hence tubes are basically but not exclusively extruded products, involving reduction in size during manufacture in the case of metal tubes, and a moulding process in the case of plastic tubes.
Just to confuse the issue, some tubes are produced by rolling to shape and seam welding or seam jointing; and large-size plastic tubes, which then become pipes. But ignore that for the moment. A main difference does emerge from the two different methods of manufacture.
Inherently, tubes have a smooth bore as manufactured. Pipes will have a varying degree of bore roughness, depending both on the material involved and the actual fabrication method. Once you extend tubemanufacturing process to pipe production, then these pipes also have a smooth bore e.
Pipes produced by pipe-manufacturing methods normally require specific after-treatment to render them smooth bore. With this difference and there are exceptions to the rule , we can further differentiate between the two by size ranges and terminology adopted by different industries.
The industry itself may call them hydraulic pipes. Industries and applications concerned with the conveyance of fluid products almost invariably refer to their tubular products as pipes or piping. But they are still pipes or piping. And the system they provide is a pipeline. And those who work in these areas call. Available io a witle range of tensile st. Cryogenic anrl chemical pipelin es.
Stainless steel tubing for d omestic water supplies. Mainly small bore tubes. There remains one distinction between British and American practice to clarify.
In the UK the handling and installation of pipes, performance calculations, etc. In the USA the word 'pipework' does not appear to be accepted and is seldom. In the interest of rationalisation, this handbook uses the single description pipeline. It means the same as pipework.
It is to be regretted that similar rationalisation is not possible between British and American and metric units and standards. This leads to differences in values of 'flow loss coefficients for pipe bends, valves, etc..
Equally, pipe sizes are standard in both millimetre and inch sizes, together with match fittings and valves. There are no exact equivalents. You work in standard manufactured sizes, either in millimetres or inches. To give equivalent sizes in tabular data for either would be meaningless. With rare exceptions. That is a problem, too, which complicates the presentation of working formulae. We have attempted, within reason. Imperial units are often less rational than their metric equivalents, with volumes expressed in cubic inches, US gallons.
ISO tomm Very good in most 6 to 76 io soil s. Good resistance to sulphate auack and sewer gas. Thermoset material. Also available In other reinforced-plastic miltrix. RPM construct. Disadvantage: high cost.
Unplasticised PVC. Suitable for solvent welding. Widely avnilablc. Rigid PVC. General pu rpose pipelines suitable for n wide variety of exterior nnd interior applications. Brittle mnterial. Normally salt-glazed. Produced in unreinforced and rein forced forms. Smooth external fioisb. High-density, steelreinforced. Suitable for very la rge diameters. Specialised applications: higher resistance. Hot-water applications- suititble Cheaper than PEX. PEH particularly at elevated temperatures.
Cannot be solvent-welded. Agriculture and irri gation. Low-density polythene: l? Gas distribution. Gener11l purpose Medium-density Corrosion-free. Water distribution. High molecular weight Corrosion-free. PEH: limited availnbility in pipe forms and expensive. Cross-linked PE. In other more specialised cases, solutions and formulae are presented in one set of units only, being those most generally used. In that case conversion tables will be necessary if you want to use these with different units entered.
As a final comment here, do remember that g or gravitational acceleration is the same in Imperial or metric units The following table lists ASTM American pipe specifications and grades with British Standard equivalents and basic material descriptions. A A53Gr. B Al06 Gr. A A Gr. B A Gr. Pl A Gr. Pl2 A Gr. Pll A Gr. P22 A33 5 Gr. PS A Gr. P7 A Gr. P9 A Gr. Tp A Gr. TpL A Gr. Originally pipes or sections of pipes were painted in colours for identification.
Identification colours are now more commonly applied with bands of self adhesive tapes, with colour-fast resistance to washing down, heat, etc. British Standard colours are shown with colour specifications in accordance with BS Standard service codes Letter symbols are also used to identify pipes and pipelines.
The following summarises British practice. Back drop Invert Inspection chamber Manhole Fresh air inlet. Water Steam Oils-mineral. Plug Valves Cocks The description 'plug valve' or 'cock valve' is given to the simplest form of valve comprising a body with a tapered or, less frequently, a parallel seating into which a plug fits. The plug is formed with a through-port. A 90 rotation of the plug fully opens or closes the fluid tlow. Greek and Roman periods saw the development of the plug cock valve and it remained virtually unchanged until the 19th century.
The development of the steam engine from the early l Rth century led to further valve improvements including the introduction by Timothy Hackworth of adjustable springs instead of weights to the steam safety valve. In , Joseph Hopkinson introduced the parallel slide valve where the sealing of the valve was produced by line pressure on the disc.
This system is still manufactured today. Plug cock valves are not as efficient as ball valves and can only operate fully open or closed.
The simple plug valve is generally suitable for low-pressure, low-temperature applications, and can be made in quite large sizes: to mm 10 to 12 in bore is quite common in some applications.
Its main limitation is that if wide variations in fluid temperature are involved, differential expansion is inevitable, leading either to undue stiffness of operation or loss of pressure-tightness. This can be overcome to some extent by employing a packed gland on which the plug rides Figure 2. The packing is commonly graphited asbestos. In the smaller range, the sleeve-packed cock represents a distinct step forward in cock design Figure 3. In the UK, the description ' plug valve' is specifically given to a cock which incorporates special design features to reduce the friction between the plug face and the body seat.
The plug itself may be tapered or parallel and the movement plain or lubricated Figure 4. There is also a further variation known as a ball-plug valve. Ground-plug cock with nut and washer base. Ground-plug cock gland packed. Groove-packed plug cock with gland and holding-dovm plate. Lubricated-plug cock gland packed.
Plug valves may be further categorised by pattern: Round opening-with rull-bore round ports in both plug and body. Rectangular rectangular opening with rectangular or similar shaped ports of substantially full-bore section.
Such valves are also normally of venturi design. Taper-plug vnll'e lubricated 1. Body 2. Plug 3. Lubricant grains 4. Cover 5. Lubricant check valve 6. Cocks and plug valves are produced in a variety of metals and plastics and also include lined types.
Metals most commonly used are brass, bronze, steel and stainless steel. Basic design proportions. A rectangular- or trapezoid-section port is commonly preferred as this can be accommodated in a plug of smaller diameter than that required for a circular port of the same area.
The width of the port is then often made less than half or the bore to provide an effective positive lap for sealing. In practice a small addition is usually made to this length to allow for radiusing the corners of the opening.
In the case of multi-port cocks or plug valves, negative lap may be called for to ensure that there is no complete shut-off during the transition of ports. This applies particularly when connected to a positive displacement pump i. See also the chapter on Ball Valves. Pressure-balanced taper-plug valves. In larger taper-plug valves.
Vith a non-pressure. Under these conditions a resultant force exists tending to push the plug into its tapered seat with the danger or taper locking causing a seized valve, as shown in Figure 6 a. This resultant force persists whether the line pressure subsequently remains high or is reduced. The development of an out-of-balance force on the plug is not an inevitable event with ordinary taper-plug valves.
Nevertheless it can occur and can cause valve seizure. With a pressure-balanced valve, the live-line pressure is used to replace sealant pressure by allowing the line to pressurize the small end chamber. A balancing force is produced which prevents taper lock without the need for sealant pressure. Figure 6 b shows how a more balanced position is reached when line pressure is allowed to equalise the pressure acting on the end of the plug.
The pressure-balance system consists of two holes in the plug connecting chambers at each end of the plug with the line pressure. The hole in the small end of the plug contains a non-return valve. This enables sealant pressure to be built up if necessary, while allowing access of the line pressure to the small end chamber. Thus the pressure in the large end chamber always equals line pressure and the pressure in the small end chamber is always equal to. Ball Valves The ball valve, or spherical-plug valve as it is sometimes known.
Modern ball valves, depending on type and pressure class, should be designed in conformity with international standards, e. BS 53 Normally, ball valves have polymer-based seals. Ball valves are among the least expensive but most widely used of all valve types, as well as being available in an extremely wide range of sizes.
Basic geometry involves a spherical ball located by two resilient sealing rings in a simple body form Figure 1. The ball has a hole through one axis, connecting inlet to outlet with full-bore flow when aligned with the axis of the valve.
Rotating the ball through Sealing is equally effective in both directions. Body forms and matching ball hole may provide straight-through full-bore parallel , reduced flow, or venturi flow. Ends can be flanged or threaded.
The ball itself may be free floating. On larger valves the ball may be trunnion-mounted. Trunnion mounting reduces operating torque to about two-thirds that of the floating ball Figure 2.
Ball valves are produced in top-entry and split-body forms for assembly and for renewal of the seals and ball. They are also produced in multi-port configurations. These ports can be proportioned to give positive lap or negative lap as required see also Figure 3. Full operating movement is 90 rotation of the ba] I. Steps may be incorporated to limit movement of the operating lever. In either case the lever position is in line with the axis of the valve in the open position and at right angles to it in the closed position.
Larger ball valves may be operated by handwheels through reduction gearing, or by powered actuators. The latter can range from 0-rings to glands. In some ball valves the ball is held against the seat by the cam action of a specially shaped stem.
By turning the valve hand wheel the ball is pulled away from th e seat before being rotated. A precision spira l groove turns the stem and ball 90, without ball-to-seat friction. The reverse action lowers the stem, turning the ball to the closed position, and the final handw heel turn tilts the ball and mechani cally wedges it against the seat to seal the valve closed. Many valves of this type have seals made from PTFE, compounded with graphite, glass or steel powder to improve the material properties.
However, abrasive media, high pressures and high temperatures can severely stress the polymeric seals normally used and lead to damage Figure 4. Figure 4. Tllis ball was taken from a valve that had seen 3 years service in a ceent works.
Only gradual improvements can be made if highly resistant polymers such as POM are used. Metal-seated ball valves. Metal-seated ball valves first came to prominence in the s. They offer a number of advantages including: tight shut-off, smooth control, no jamming, low torque, wide temperature range, good corrosion and wear resistance and stability under pressure. Valves are the components in a fluid flow or pressure system that regulate either the flow or the pressure of the fluid.
They are used extensively in the process industries, especially petrochemical. Though there are only four basic types of valves, there is an enormous number of different kinds of valves within each category, each one used for a specific purpose. No other book on the market analyzes the use, construction, and selection of valves in such a comprehensive manner. Covers new environmentally-conscious equipment and practices, the most important hot-button issue in the petrochemical industry today Details new generations of valves for offshore projects, the oil industry's fastest-growing segment Includes numerous new products that have never before been written about in the mainstream literature.
Piping and Pipeline Calculations Manual, Second Edition provides engineers and designers with a quick reference guide to calculations, codes, and standards applicable to piping systems. The book considers in one handy reference the multitude of pipes, flanges, supports, gaskets, bolts, valves, strainers, flexibles, and expansion joints that make up these often complex systems. It uses hundreds of calculations and examples based on the author's 40 years of experiences as both an engineer and instructor.
Each example demonstrates how the code and standard has been correctly and incorrectly applied. Aside from advising on the intent of codes and standards, the book provides advice on compliance. Readers will come away with a clear understanding of how piping systems fail and what the code requires the designer, manufacturer, fabricator, supplier, erector, examiner, inspector, and owner to do to prevent such failures. The book enhances participants' understanding and application of the spirit of the code or standard and form a plan for compliance.
The book covers American Water Works Association standards where they are applicable. The objective of this practical oil and gas piping handbook is to facilitate project management teams of oil and gas piping related construction projects to understand the key requirements of the discipline and to equip them with the necessary knowledge and protocol.
It provides a comprehensive coverage on all the practical aspects of piping related material sourcing, fabrication essentials, welding related items, NDT activities, erection of pipes, pre-commissioning, commissioning, post-commissioning, project management and importance of ISO Management systems in oil and gas piping projects.
This handbook assists contractors in ensuring the right understanding and application of protocols in the project. One of the key assets of this handbook is that the technical information and the format provided are practically from real time oil and gas piping projects; hence, the application of this information is expected to enhance the credibility of the contractors in the eyes of the clients and to some extent, simplify the existing operations.
Another important highlight is that it holistically covers the stages from the raw material to project completion to handover and beyond. This will help the oil and gas piping contractors to train their project management staff to follow the best practices in the oil and gas industry.
Furthermore, this piping handbook provides an important indication of the important project-related factors hard factors and organizational-related factors soft factors to achieve the desired project performance dimensions, such as timely completion, cost control, acceptable quality, safe execution and financial performance.
Lastly, the role of ISO management systems, such as ISO , ISO and OHSAS in construction projects is widely known across the industry; however, oil and gas specific ISO quality management systems, such as ISO , and project specific management systems, such as ISO , are not widely known in the industry, which are explained in detail in this handbook for the benefit of the oil and gas construction organizations. Features: Covering the stages from the raw material to project completion, to handover and beyond Providing practical guidelines to oil and gas piping contractors for training purposes and best practices in the oil and gas industry Emphasizing project-related factors hard factors and organizational-related factors soft factors with a view to achieve the desired project performance Highlighting the roles of ISO management systems in oil and gas projects.
Author : Bonnie A. With the encroachment of the Internet into nearly all aspects of work and life, it seems as though information is everywhere. However, there is information and then there is correct, appropriate, and timely information. Accurate, vetted information is necessary when building new skyscrapers or developing new prosthetics for returning military veterans While the award-winning first edition of Using the Engineering Literature used a roadmap analogy, we now need a three-dimensional analysis reflecting the complex and dynamic nature of research in the information age.
Using the Engineering Literature, Second Edition provides a guide to the wide range of resources available in all fields of engineering. This second edition has been thoroughly revised and features new sections on nanotechnology as well as green engineering. The information age has greatly impacted the way engineers find information. Engineers have an effect, directly and indirectly, on almost all aspects of our lives, and it is vital that they find the right information at the right time to create better products and processes.
Comprehensive and up to date, with expert chapter authors, this book fills a gap in the literature, providing critical information in a user-friendly format.
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