The infant will go into different stages that will end in adult understanding. This theory was based on the work of Jerome Bruner about social learning, and claims that language is acquired as the result of interactions that help the infant develop language.
Furthermore, what this theory stresses is the functional aspect of language. What is more, it discusses that language learning happens due to the process of socialization; hence the child is learning to be part of the community. Bruner argues that it is interactions that provide the infant with language acquisition support structures.
What is more, Bruner pointed that the process of language acquisition is easier thanks to social interaction; this is because of the assistance that more efficient partners in interaction do offer. He added that a child can not only learn his first language by listening to adults. What is more, Chomsky pointed that in around five years a child acquires about 5, words, and suggested that language is independent from general thinking skills.
Chomsky described the adult speech from where the child is supposed to acquire language as degenerate. On his view, the child is exposed to a range of speakers, with different voices and accents encountering performance examples. Hence, the child acquires competence, which allow him to produce grammatical sentences.
He added that a child is not able to acquire language, which is a really complex system, in such a short time and claimed that humans have an innate capacity of acquiring language. In his first studies, he considered a language acquisition device, which caused the process of language acquisition. Nevertheless, in some recent studies he claimed that the child is born with a universal grammar, thus helping him to identify different features that languages share. Conclusion All in all, this essay has dwell into the main theories of language acquisition, on the one hand theories such as Behaviorism, Connectionism, Constructivism, Social Interactionism, assume that some aspects in the process of language acquisition are innate nurture.
Whilst on the other hand, theories such as Nativism assume that language is innate nature. This follows on the debate between nature and nurture. First Behaviourism claims that we are born a tabula rasa, and that it is the environment that plays an important role on the process. Secondly, Constructivist theory claims that language is constructed as part of the cognitive learning.
Furthermore, Social Interactionism claims that language is acquired as the result of interactions. Bibliography Bruner, J. Child's talk. New York: W. Field, J. London: Routledge. Goodluck, H. Language Acquisition: A Linguistic Introduction. Garton, A. Social interaction and the development of language and cognition. Hove: Lawrence Erlbaum. Samet, J. Innateness and Contemporary Theories of Cognition. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford: Stanford University Skinner, B.
Verbal behaviour. Following the idea of the spiral curriculum, Bruner presented the idea of three modes of representation. These modes of representation refer to the way knowledge is stored in memory. As they move up through the levels, they feel more comfortable in their learning environment and have the confidence to push further.
Further reading: simplypsychology. Howard Gardner is an American developmental psychologist and professor of cognition and education at the Harvard graduate school at Harvard University. Gardner perceived intelligence as the ability to solve problems or make products that are useful in one or more cultural settings.
Candidates had to satisfy a range of the conditions on his list and also be able to solve genuine problems of difficulties. Initially, Gardner named seven. In the face of criticism that it is hard to teach things in the frame of a certain intelligence, Gardner replied by stating that the seven. Gardner believes that all seven intelligences are required to live life well and education systems should include all seven not just the more academic first two.
Since its original publication, Gardner has since added an eighth intelligence; Naturalist intelligence. According to Erikson, we experience eight stages of development during our life span. Within each stage, there is a dilemma that we must resolve in order to feel a sense of competence and will allow us to develop as a well-adjusted adult.
Knowing what questions our students are asking of themselves and the world around them allows us to plan effectively. Problems arise when our class has children at different stages in it, in this case, we must carefully differentiate our pedagogy to allow supportive learning for all students. David Kolb, an American education theorist proposed his four-stage experiential learning theory in It is built on the premise that learning is the acquisition of abstract concepts which can then be applied to a range of scenarios.
Each stage in the cycle both supports and leads into the next stage. Learning is achieved only if all four stages have been completed, however, a learner may travel around the cycle multiple times, further refining their understanding of the topic.
No one stage is an effective learning strategy on its own, for example, if the reflective observation stage is skipped, the learner could continue to make the same mistakes. Originally the book was supposed to be a satirical view on how people are promoted in organisations but it became popular as it actually made a valid point. Whilst not strictly a learning theory, it does have some crossover to the classroom.
The Peter Principal deals with four levels of competence. They could give a teacher planning a long term teaching strategy a framework to use when thinking about how students progress. Further Reading: Peter, L. The peter principle. Based on this research, providing visual prompts for students will enhance their learning. However, making your lessons a multi-sensual experience will enhance learning even further.
From a classroom management perspective, positive reinforcement is an essential strategy for teaching students how to act and conduct themselves. Positive reinforcement e.
Initially, this should be done for all answers given, regardless of whether they are correct. This will build a culture of answering questions. As the behaviour in question becomes commonplace, the teacher should then both reduce the frequency of the reinforcement and, as in our above example, only give it for correct answers.
Ultimately the teacher will reduce the frequency of the positive reinforcement to only those responses of the highest calibre. This will create a culture of desired excellence in the students. Humanism was developed to contrast cognitivism and behaviourism. Both Rogers and Maslow see above based their work in humanism. The key perspectives of humanism are as follows:.
The success of the teacher is in their ability to build positive relationships with students. The effectiveness of facilitative learning also requires certain traits to be present in the student. They should be motivated , aware of the facilitative conditions they have been provided with and aware that the task they have been given is useful, realistic and relevant.
Assertive discipline is a structured system to enable teachers to manage their classrooms. It focuses on the teacher developing a positive behaviour management strategy rather than being dictatorial.
The teacher should very clear boundaries as to how they expect their students to behave and work, the students should know what these boundaries are and any deviation should be met with an assertive action from the teacher.
However, if the teacher gives a firm, clear instruction and those instructions are met, they should be followed by positive reinforcement see Skinner above. Any deviation from the instruction should be met with negative consequences that the students have prior knowledge of. The behaviour management guru, Bill Rogers, bases his strategies on the assertive teacher model , which I know from personal use, works incredibly well. Rudolf Dreikur proposed the theory that mutual respect should be the basis for discipline and that this mutual respect motivates learners to display positive behaviours.
He believed students have an innate desire to feel like an accepted member of a group and to feel like they have value and confidence to contribute to that group.
Dreikur called this desire to. The resulting misbehaviour is a misguided attempt at gaining the sense of belonging they are missing. If a student fails to gain social status by gaining attention , they move on to trying to gain power and control, failure at each successive level ultimately ends with feelings of inadequacy. Gain Attention. Ignore the attention-seeking and use positive reinforcement when positive behaviour is shown.
Distract the student by offering alternate actions or choices e. Gain Power and Control. Focus on all the good behaviour in the class, while ignoring the attempt to gain power, on no account should you engage in a battle for power. Bill Rogers, the behaviour expert, calls this the black dot, white square approach.
Gain Revenge. Remember that the student is trying to gain a sense of belonging and this revenge-seeking is a masked attempt to gain it. Away from other students, let the student know that you care about them and their education, that despite their actions you want the best for them. Display Feelings of Inadequacy. At this stage, the student has given up on themselves. Students at this stage should be shown how to recognise small successes and achievements. Showing an interest in them and their work will always help slowly bring a student out of this stage.
The truth is, great teaching involves a cocktail of most of these at some point and a few actual cocktails at the weekend to recover! I hope you found this article useful, I know it reminded me of a good few things that I may have been slacking with. If you would like this article as a PDF , just click the button below. Through this interaction, new associations are made and thus leaning occurs.
In cognitive load theory , learning occurs when the student reorganises information, either by finding new explanations or adapting old ones. Please share this article using the social media buttons!
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By Paul Fulbrook. What are Learning Theories? Swimming through treacle! Feel free to share this infographic by clicking on it. Jean Piaget. Lev Vygotsky. How to Study. Benjamin Bloom. Jerome Bruner. Howard Gardner. Erik Erikson. David Kolb.
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